The Processing Framework (in Java)

# The Processing Framework

> You’ve baked a really lovely cake, but then you’ve used dog shit for frosting.
>
> ―Steve Jobs, critiquing a designer's work

---

# Agenda

1. [Overview](#concept)
1. [Installation](#installation)
1. [Run a Program](#run)
1. [Lifecycle Methods](#lifecycle)
1. [Animation](#animation)
1. [Inherited Functions](#functions)
1. [Adding Sounds](#sounds)
1. [Responding to Events](#events)
1. [Conclusions](#conclusions)

---

# Overview

## Concept

[Processing](https://processing.org) is a code framework for animation. It is also the name of a non-profit foundation that attempts to teach programming and spread software literacy.

- The original concept - an animation framework that allows new coders to visualize programming concepts and have fun - has proven popular, not just with newbies.

- Initially Java-only, Processing has now been _ported_ to other popular languages, including [Python](https://py.processing.org/) and [Javascript](https://p5js.org/).

- The Javascript version, named `p5.js`, is debatably now the most popular implementation, allowing developers to easily create web-based animations, data visualizations, and games.

---

# Installation

## Concept

Processing consists of a few **J**ava **AR**chive (`.jar`) files that you can import into your code.

- A `.jar` file is a package file, like `.zip`, that contains Java class definitions plus some settings.

- Once we properly import these Processing class definitions into our project, our code will be able to reference and use those Processing classes.

- How we import the `.jar` files depends on which Integrated Development Environment (IDE) we are using.

- The **Processing team produces its own IDE**, which is overly simple (albeit intentionally so) for our purposes - **do not use it**.

- You are advised to use the [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com) IDE.

---

## Download Processing

Go to the [Processing web site](https://processing.org) and download the appropriate version for your system.

- Install it as you would any other application.

- You will now have the stand-alone Processing application, which includes the main file we need named `core.jar`.

- To locate `core.jar` on Mac, `Control`-click on the application in Finder and click `Show Package Contents`. Then find the file within at `Contents/Java/core.jar`

- To locate `core.jar` on Windows, find the file at `PATH_TO_PROCESSING/core/library/core.jar`, where `PATH_TO_PROCESSING` is the directory where it is installed.

- Copy this `core.jar` file and place it somewhere temporarily convenient, such as the `Desktop`.

---

## Install Java SE 8

Processing currently **only works with Java 8** (a.k.a 1.8). If you are running a more recent version of Java, you must downgrade to Java SE version 8.

- Download and install the [jdk8u242-b08 version of OpenJDK 8](https://github.com/AdoptOpenJDK/openjdk8-binaries/releases/tag/jdk8u242-b08) (be sure to select the file with `jdk` in its name, not the one with `jre` in its name.) (On MacOS, select the appropriate `.pkg` file; on Windows, select the appropriate `.msi` file.)

- Note the file path to the directory where this new JDK was installed. We'll refer to this directory later as `THE_PATH_TO_JDK_8`.
  - On Mac, it is probably in `"/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/adoptopenjdk-8.jdk/Contents/Home"`. Note the inclusiong of `Contents/Home` at the end of the path - we'll need it with this addition in the settings file.
  - On Windows, it is probably in `C:\Program Files (x86)\AdoptOpenJDK\jdk-8.0.242.08-hotspot`, which would have to have its back slashes escaped to be `"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\AdoptOpenJDK\\jdk-8.0.242.08-hotspot"` in the settings file.

---

## Set Up Visual Studio Code

Processing can be integrated into the popular [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com) IDE relatively simply.

- Install the [Extension Pack for Java](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=vscjava.vscode-java-pack), if you haven't already.

- In Visual Studio Code, go to Settings (on MacOS, go to `Code`->`Preferences`->`Settings`; on Windows, go to `File`->`Preferences`->`Settings`.)

- Enter "`java jdt ls java home` into the search field. You should see an option with a link to `Edit in settings.json` - click that link to open that file in the editor.

- In the `settings.json`, edit the "`java.configuration.runtimes`" setting so that it includes the new JDK. Replace `THE_PATH_TO_JDK_8` in the example code below with the correct path to your JDK 8).
  - If there is no such setting currently in the `settings.json` file.
  - Place the following just before the last `}` at the end of the file. The previous line of code above this new code should end in a comma.

```js
  "java.configuration.runtimes": [
      {
        "name": "JavaSE-1.8",
        "path": "THE_PATH_TO_JDK_8",
        "default": true
      }
  ],
```

---

## Set Up Visual Studio Code (continued)

We now install Processing's `core.jar` file as a dependency of a new Java project.

- Create a new Java Project. Do this by opening `View` -> `Command Palette` and type `Java: Create Java Project` into the Command Palette's text field and finish the setup.

- Drag the `core.jar` file from wherever you saved it, and drop it into the `lib` directory of the Java project.

- Configure the project-specific settings file. If your project does not already have a sub-directory named `.vscode`, create one and create a file therein named `settings.json`. If your project already has this directory and file, open it up. Enter the following code into the `.settings` file:

```js
{
  "java.project.sourcePaths": ["src", "test"],
  "java.project.outputPath": "bin",
  "java.project.referencedLibraries": ["lib/**/*.jar"]
}

```

---

## Set Up Visual Studio Code (continued again)

We must now select Java 8 as the Java runtime to use for this new Java project.

- With the Java project open in Visual Studio Code, go to the Command Palette (`View`->`Command Palette`) and search for "`Java: Configure Java Runtime`". Click on the matching option that appears.

- In the `Configure Java Runtime` setting document, click the icon to edit the current runtime setting for this project and change it to the newly-installed JDK.

- In the Command Palette again (`View`->`Command Palette`), search for "`Java: Clean Language Server Workspace`". Click the matching option that appears and confirm that you would like to reset the Java language server.

At this point, we are ready to write Java code using the Processing library.

---

# Run a Program

## What we need to do in code

To use Processing, you must...

- import the classes within the `processing.core` package into your own project code

- make sure your custom class inherits properties and methods from the class, `PApplet`

- pass the `PApplet.main()` method the full name of your custom class

- set up lifecycle methods named `settings()`, `setup()`, and `draw()`

---

## Starter code

For example, enter the following starter code within the `src/fb1258` directory in a file named `MyClass.java`.

```java
package fb1258;

import processing.core.*;

public class Circle extends PApplet {
    public void settings() {
  		this.size(600, 400); // open a window that is 600x400, diameter=100
    }
    public void setup() {
    }
    public void draw() {
		  this.ellipse(250, 150, 100, 100); // draw an ellipse at x=250, y=150
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
  		PApplet.main("fb1258.Circle"); // this String must match exactly this class's package and class name
    }
}
```

---

## On syntax

You will note in our starter code that we use the `this` keyword as a prefix when referring to instance methods and instance properties. This is good code style.

```java
this.ellipse(250, 150, 100, 100);
```

- If you review any of the official Processing documentation or example code, you will note that they do not use the `this` keyword at all.

```java
ellipse(250, 150, 100, 100);
```

- Processing's goal is to avoid showing anything remotely object-oriented in their code so as to not scare newbies.

- _You_ should always prefix instance properties and methods with `this` and static properties and methods with the class name.

---

## Run it!

Run this program - if it works, you are in good shape!

---

# Lifecycle Methods

## Concept

The three methods we added to our code are automatically called by `PApplet`'s code at certain times in the life of the program.

- [settings()](https://processing.org/reference/settings_.html) is called once at the start of the program in order to set up the size of the application window that pops open.

- [setup()](https://processing.org/reference/setup_.html) is called once at the start of the program and can optionally be used to pre-load any images or other media that might be used later in the application.

- [draw()](https://processing.org/reference/draw_.html) is initially called directly after `setup()` and on an automatic timer every `60` seconds thereafter until the program stops animating. The code placed within this method is used to draw the frames of the animation.

---

# Animation

## Concept

In frame-based animation, objects are redrawn in rapid succession at slightly different locations on the screen in order to give the illusion of movement.

```java
package fb1258;
import processing.core.*;
public class CircleSliding extends PApplet {

private int x = 250; // starting x position of ellipse
  private int y = 150; // starting y position of ellipse

public static void main(String[] args) {
    PApplet.main("fb1258.CircleSliding");
  }
  public void settings() {
    this.size(600, 400); /* open a window that is 600x400 */
  }
  public void draw() {
    this.background(0, 0, 0); // fill screen with black (R,G,B = 0,0,0)
    this.fill(255, 255, 255); // paint with white (R,G,B = 255,255,255)
    this.ellipse(this.x, this.y, 100, 100); // draw ellipse with fill color
    this.x++; // next time draw ellipse at slightly different location
    this.y++;
  }
}
```

---

# Inherited functions

## Drawing

`PApplet` bestows a variety of useful functions upon our custom class, including many functions for drawing shapes to the screen.

- [ellipse(x, y, width, height)](https://processing.org/reference/ellipse_.html) - draws an ellipse

- [rect(x, y, width, height)](https://processing.org/reference/rect_.html) - draws a rectangle

- [line(x1, y1, x2, y2)](https://processing.org/reference/line_.html) - draws a line

- [loadImage(stringPathToImageFile)](https://processing.org/reference/loadImage_.html) - returns a `PImage` object that can be passed to the image() function

- [image(pImageObject, x, y)](https://processing.org/reference/image_.html) - draws any pImage object to the screen

- [textSize(intFontSize)](https://processing.org/reference/textSize_.html) - sets the size of any text to be drawn

- [text(someString, x, y)](https://processing.org/reference/text_.html) - draws text to the screen

---

## Colors

There are several color-related properties that can be set using several appropriately-named functions...

- [background(r, g, b)](https://processing.org/reference/background_.html) - fills the entire screen with a solid color

- [fill(r, g, b)](https://processing.org/reference/fill_.html) - the color to use next time a shape is drawn to the screen

- [noFill()](https://processing.org/reference/noFill_.html) - don't use any fill for the next shape drawn to the screen

- [stroke(r, g, b)](https://processing.org/reference/stroke_.html) - the color to use for the outline around the next shape drawn to the screen

- [noStroke()](https://processing.org/reference/noStroke_.html) - don't use any stroke for the next shape drawn to the screen

---

## ... and much more

These were just the easy functions to get started with.

- There are many more functions inherited by your class from `PApplet` - see [the full reference](https://processing.org/reference/)

- There is also a large ecosystem of 3rd-party libraries that add additional functionality not present in Processing itself - see [the official list of add-on libraries](https://processing.org/reference/libraries/)

---

# Adding Sounds

## Overview

An additional [`sound` library](https://processing.org/reference/libraries/sound/index.html) can be added to a project to provide sophisticated audio functionality.

- Download a zip file containing [the latest release](https://github.com/processing/processing-sound/releases) of this library.

- Unzip this file.

- Copy all the `.jar` files located within the `library` subdirectory into your project's `lib` directory.

---

## Playing Sounds (continued)

An example of a program that plays a sound when the user clicks.

```java
package fb1258;

import processing.core.*;
import processing.sound.*; // note this additional import

public class CircleWithSound extends PApplet {
    private SoundFile soundClick; // will refer to a sound file to play
    public void settings() {
  		this.size(600, 400); // open a window that is 600x400, diameter=100
    }
    public void setup() {
      // assuming you have created an audio file named thump.mp3 and placed it within a sounds subdirectory of your project
      this.soundClick = new SoundFile(this, "sounds/thump.mp3"); // if you're on Windows, you may have to change this file path to "sounds\\thump.mp3"
    }
    public void draw() {
		  this.ellipse(250, 150, 100, 100); // draw an ellipse at x=250, y=150
    }
    public void mouseClicked() {
      this.soundClick.play(); // play the sound!
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
  		PApplet.main("fb1258.CircleWithSound"); // this String must match exactly this class's package and class name
    }
}
```

---

# Responding to Events

## Mouse clicks

Processing's code can automatically call a function in your code anytime the user clicks a mouse.

- To take advantage of this, create a function named `mouseClicked()` in your code.

- This function will be called immediately _after_ the user clicks the mouse.

- Within this function, you can access the `x` and `y` coordinate at which the user clicked the mouse via the `this.mouseX` and `this.mouseY` properties of objects of your class.

```java
public void mouseClicked() {
  System.out.printf("clicked at %d, %d\n", this.mouseX, this.mouseY);
}
```

---

## Other mousing around

Processing will also call other functions you define for a variety of other mouse-driven events.

- a `mouseMoved()` function will be called whenever the user moves the mouse.

- a `mousePressed()` function will be called whenever the user presses the mouse.

- a `mouseReleased()` function will be called whenever the user releases the mouse button.

- a `mouseDragged()` function will be called whenever the user clicks and drags the mouse.

---

## Keyboard events

Processing can respond to various keyboard-driven events if you define functions to handle them.

- a `keyPressed()` function will be called whenever the user presses a key.

- a `keyReleased()` function will be called whenever the user releases a previously-pressed key.

- a property named `this.key` is always set to the most recently pressed key, as a `char` value.

- for common control keys, such as BACKSPACE, TAB, ENTER, RETURN, ESC, UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, and DELETE, the property `this.keyCode` contains a numeric code representing the key that was pressed.

- these `keyCode` values can be compared to constants Processing supplies, named after the key they represent, e.g.

```java
if (this.keyCode == UP) { /* ... */ }
```

---

# Multiple Classes

## One window, please

When writing programs that use the Processing library, we must have a custom class that inherits from `PApplet`. But what do we do when we have more than one custom class?

- The `PApplet` class includes code to open an app window when it is instantiated. So every class we define that inherits from PApplet will also pop open a window when instantiated. You probably don't want that.

- **Only one custom class in a given project should inherit from `PApplet`**.

- Do not have more than one class do so or you will have many unrelated windows pop open unexpectedly.

---

## Passing around PApplet

It might be the case that you desire to use one of `PApplet`'s functions from within a class that does not inherit from PApplet.

- To do so, simply pass an object that does inherit from `PApplet` to that other class.

- For example, let's say we have a program that pops open a window and draws a circle and a square that move around randomly on the screen.

- Following good object-oriented design principles of **encapsulation** and **abstraction**, we would want separate objects for the circle and the rectangle - each thing should be an object.

- Furthermore, we would want each the circle object and the rectangle object to _move and draw themselves_ around the screen.

- How can they draw themselves if only one class can inherit from PApplet?

---

## Passing around PApplet (continued)

Define one class that inherits from `PApplet`, and have it pass itself to the other objects.

```java
// ... insert the package and import statements here...
public class App extends PApplet {

private Circle circle; // a custom class we will define
  private Rectangle rectangle; // a custom class we will define

// ... insert the main method and settings method go here.

public void setup() {
    // instantiate the two objects... notice we pass *this*
    this.circle = new Circle(100, 100, this);
    this.rectangle = new Rectangle(100, 100, this);
  }

public void draw() {
    // have the two objects draw themselves to the screen
    this.circle.draw();
    this.rectangle.draw();
  }
}
```

---

## Passing around PApplet (continued again)

Within the `Circle` and `Rectangle` class constructors, we accept an `App` object that we caan use to draw to the screen.

```java
// ... insert the package statement and any imports here ...
public class Circle {
  private int x; // the x coordinate of this object
  private int y; // the y coordinate of this object
  private App app; // a property that will hold an App object, which inherits from PApplet

// notice that we accept an App object into the constructor and store it into this object
  public Circle(int x, int y, App app) {
    this.x = x; // ideally we would use a setter that performs some validation
    this.y = y; // ideally we would use a setter that performs some validation
    this.app = app; // this is the trick - store the App object!
  }

public void draw() {
    this.x = this.x + 2 // change the x coordinate a bit
    this.app.ellipse(this.x, this.y, 100, 100); // using PApplet's draw method!
  }

}
```

---

# Conclusions

Hopefully this has been a pleasant foray into creating frame-based animations in Java using the Processing framework.

- Thank you. Bye.